Open+Ocean+Facts

=Open Ocean Facts = It should be "things that we as humans deem factually correct at the point of time in which they were respectively written" The wiki-script should be fairly easy to read since I un-obfuscate it every day, I use text editor unlike the n00bs that use visual, thus I like easy to read code as much as the people who are probably reading the source code of this webpage, looking at the wiki-script of other biome pages, I really want to clean up their wiki-script. A short note from Sasquatch42 of the open ocean biomesfirst08 wiki team: The ocean: -covers more than 2/3 of the Earth or about 361000000km^2, -is more than 10000 metres deep in some places, -produces 50% of the Earth's oxygen, -contains an estimated 5 million species, most that haven't been found, these include --some of the worlds smallest, less than a micrometer, --to the largest, weighing 180 tonnes, -**Wow** This page represents less than .00001%, probably less than the species in the ocean

See Discussion for information about the new classification system 3 Domain and how this stuff is classified within them
=Protists and Monerans of the Open Ocean =

Monerans are single celled organisms with no nucleus or organelles
 The Aeromonas Hydrophila is a rod shaped bacteria found in the open ocean. Aeromonas Hydropila can be found in just about any water salty or fresh, it can survive chlorine and temperatures of 4 to 37°C it can even bottled water is not safe from this bacteria. Aeromonas Hydrophila is notorious for causing many animals from humans to fish and being hard to kill, resistant to many treatments such as Chlorine and refrigeration. Beggiatoa alba is found in waters with lots of hydrogen sulfate. Beggiatoa alba can use chemosynthesis or produce food from water and carbon dioxide without sunlight.

Protists are single celled organisms with a nucleus and organelles
There are many protists in the ocean. They live all over the world in warm and cold waters. They normally live at the surface of the ocean. Some like diatoms grow on the rocks at the ocean floor. Most protists need light. Kelp can grow up to 120 feet long just to grow for more light. Other protists don't need light. Saltwater Pods live in the shallow waters. They eat waste and dead material. Pods only grow about 1 milimeter long. Metacineta mystacina attach themselves on a host organism.



=Fungi = 

Fungi are multicellular organisms that absorb their food. Fungi and Salt Water usually don't mix, but we have found some, not much information more than the acknowledging of their existence could be found (Google returns less than a page of results). The sac fungi Corollospora lacera is one of the few fungi in the open ocean. Bactrodesium linderi have been found on pieces of driftwood on the coast of Thailand.

=Plants = //plant section: Sasquatch42's work:// Posidonia oceanica//,// Caulerpa prolifera//,// Volvox aureus//,// Ostreococcus tauri//,// Rhipidosiphon floridensis //Andrew's work:// Valonia macrophysa//,// Ventricaria ventricosa  Plants are organisms that make their own food using photosynthesis. Photosynthesis combines carbondioxide, sunlight and water to make the plant's food. There are no marine gymnosperms, pteridophytes (ferns), lycopodiophytes (clubmosses), equisetophytes (horsetails), or Polypodiophytes (true ferns). The most common plant in the open ocean are chlorophytes or green algae. Chlorophyta is the only group of algae that is in the plant kingdom. All the other algae are in Chromalveolata.

South of the island of Ibiza in the Mediterranean Sea, the angiosperm //Posidonia oceanica// or Neptune Grass dwells. Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Alismatales Family: Posidoniaceae Genus: //Posidonia// Species: //oceanica//

//Caulerpa prolifera// is seaweed. Seaweed is an algae, this seaweed is made up of algae from the division chlorophyta, thus it is a plant. Most species in Genus //Caulerpa// evolved in tropical water, where most herbivorous creatures are immune to the toxins the plant has. Herbivores in temperate parts of the ocean do not have immunity to those compounds and //Caulerpa prolifera// becomes an invasive species. It is suspected that people dump species of //Caulerpa// out of fish tanks Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Division: Chlorophyta Class: Bryopsidophyceae Order: Bryopsidales Family: Caulerpaceae Genus: Caulerpa Species: prolifera



//Volvox aureus// is yet another chlorophyte. This was moved from our protist section, we are sorry for any inconvinience caused by us misclassifying Volvox aureus. Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Division: Chlorophyta Class: Chlorophyceae Order: Volvocales Family: Volvocaceae Genus: //Volvox// Species: //aureus//



//Ventricaria ventricosa// is a balloon algae filled with a gooey liquid like substance. This substance is very high in a chemical called ammonia. Ammonia is a toxin very deadly to fish, crabs, and invertebrates. Although ammonia is deadly to animals, it stimulates algae growth. It rapidly makes algae reproduce. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Chlorophyta Class: Chlorophyceae Order: Chlorocystidales Family: Valonia Genus: //Ventricaria// species: //ventricosa//



//Ostreococcus tauri// is a very tiny chlorophyte, measuring only 0.8 µm (8 ten-millionths of a metre). It was originally found in Étang de Thau (a French lagoon) an is known to live in many oceanic regions. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Chlorophyta Class: Prasinophyceae Order: Mamiellales Family: Mamiellaceae Genus: //Ostreococcus// Species: //tauri//



//Rhipidosiphon floridensis// is a chlorophyte found in the Carribean. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Chlorophyta Class: Bryopsidophyceae Order: Bryopsidales Family: Udoteaceae Genus: //Rhipidosiphon// Species: //floridensis//



In the Mediterranean Sea we can find //Ulva intestinalis//. //Ulva intestinalis// was originally discovered by Linnaeus himself. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Chlorophyta Class: Ulvophyceae Order: Ulvales Family: Ulvaceae Genus: //Ulva// Species: //intestinalis//



=Animals =  Animals are Multicellular organisms that obtain energy from other organsims

//Sphynra mokarran//
The Great Hammerhead shark is a Carnivore that lives in the ocean from 40°N to 37°S. the great hammerhead's prey ranges from invertebrates such as crabs, squid, octopus, and lobsters, to bony fish such as groupers, catfishes, and flatfishes, and small sharks. They also have been known to be cannibals. Consummer Type: Tertiary Consumer (Secondary carnivore)

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrates) Class: Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fish) Subclass: Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, and rays) Order: Carcharhiniformes (Sharks with 2 dorsal fins, 5 gill slits) Family: Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead Sharks) Genus: //Sphyrna// (Hammerhead Sharks) Species: //mokarran// (Great Hammerhead)

//Orcinus orca//
The Orca is the largest dolphin and populates every ocean of the world. Orcas are up to 9 metres long and weigh up to 8 tonnes. They can swim up to 56km/h. The Orca sits on top of the long ocean food chain as an apex predator. Orcas have a wide variety of prey, including fish like salmon and tuna, sharks (including a few reported attacks on Great Whites), squid, octopi, sea reptiles, 22 species of whales/dolphins (including the larger ones like the Blue Whale), Seals, Walruses, sea lions, terrestrial animals in the water (like deer and moose swimming), penguin, sea gulls, and sea otters. Even though they can eat many things, specific populations of Orcas will only attack a certain type of prey, some feast on Salmon and have been found swimming with other fish. There are 3 main groups of Orcas, residents which live close to shore, offshore live in the open ocean, and transients that wander around between both.\ Consumer Type: Tertiary Consumer (secondary carnivore)

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrates) Class: Mammalia (Mammals) Order: Cetacea (Whales, Dolphins, and porpoises) Suborder: Odontoceti (Whales with teeth) Family: Delphinidae (Oceanic Dolphins) Genus: //Orcinus// (Latin "From Hell") Species: //orca// (Greek "Big Fish," "Sea Monster," "Whale")

//Physeter macrocephalus//
The Sperm Whale is the largest animal with teeth, 20 metres in length, and weighing up to 40 tonnes. Along with Orcas, the Sperm Whales are at the top of the food chain eating Giant Squid, Colossal Squid, Octopi, many fish, small and medium squid, and some other stuff that might be unintentionally eaten when consuming larger food. Consumer Type: Tertiary Consumer (secondary carnivore)

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrates) Class: Mammalia (Mammals) Order: Cetacea (Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises) Suborder: Odontoceti (Toothed Whales) Family: Physeteridae (Sperm Whales 'n' Friends) Genus: //Physeter// (Sperm Whales) Species: //macrocephalus// (Sperm Whales)

//Balaenoptera musculus//
The Blue Whale is the largest creature that has ever lived on Earth, 30 metres in length and 180 tonnes. Even at this size, the blue whale can reach speeds 50 km/h. The largest creature feeds on one of the smaller ones, krill, a type of zooplanton. An adult Blue Whale can eat 3600kg of krill every day. Blue Whales live in all the oceans. Consumer Type: Secondary Consumer (Omnivore)

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrates) Class: Mammalia (Mammals) Order: Cetacea (Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises) Suborder: Mysticeti (Baleen Whales) Family: Balaenopteridae (Rorqual, Norwegian "röyrkval") Genus: //Balaenoptera// (Rorqual, largest genus) Species: //musculus// (ironic double meaning, Latin "muscular" and "little mouse")

//Architeuthis dux//
The Giant Squid is the second largest mollusk in the world. It is huge, 20 metres long have been reported, and we are not sure if those are fully mature yet. It eats deep sea fish like the anglerfish featured below and other squid. The only thing that will eat a mature, healthy Giant Squid is the Sperm Whale. //Architeuthis dux// is specifically the Atlantic Giant Squid, there are 7 more. Giant Squid live in all of the world's oceans, they tend to avoid Tropical and Polar Latitudes though. Consumer Type: Tertiary Consumer (Secondary Carnivore)

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) Phylum: Mollusca (Mollusks) Class: Cephalopoda (Octopi, Squids, Cuttlefish, and Nautilus) Subclass: Coleoidea (Octopi, Squids, Cuttlefish) Order: Teuthida (Squids) Suborder: Oegopsina (Squids) Family: Architeuthidae (Giant Squids) Genus: //Architeuthis// (Giant Squids) Species: //dux// (Atlantic Giant Squid)

Anglerfish
The anglerfish is a deep sea fish that lives in the Abyssopelagic zone. It is a bony fish and it is a secondary carnivore. It will eat anything from the flashlight fish, which is a small fish that makes it's own light, to it's own young. It is nicknamed the black devil angler. In the abyssopelagic zone there is no light. So the black body of the fish can not be seen. It uses the extension on it's head to attract small fish twoards it's mouth. Somtimes the light on it's head attracts a predator like the deap sea shark which eats the angler. Consumer Type: Tertiary Consumer (Secondary Carnivore)

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrates) Class: Actinoptergii Order: Lophiiformes Family: Melanocetidae Genus: //Melanocetus// species: //johnsonii//

//Bluefin Tuna//
Bluefin tuna live in the atlantic ocean to the mediterranean sea. Although they are not native to the Pacific ocean they live off the coast of Japan. Tuna eat small fish like herring and mackerel that live in large groups called schools. Tuna also live in schools, but they live in deep water. Tuna normally live in water from 0-200 meters. But when they are frightened, they swim down to depths of 1500 meters. Tunas need open ocean because they need the open water and migratory paths. Tuna are popular on the fish market and have become much rarer than before. They are very popular in Japan where a tuna with no defection or scratch called a "perfect tuna" can sell for up to $7500 a fish.

Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class:Actinopterygii Order:Perciformes Family:Scombridae Genus: //Thunnus// species: //thynnus//

//Petromyzon marinus//
The Sea Lamprey is a jawless fish that sucks the blood out of its victims. It can grow to be 1 mter in length. THey are found in the Medittereanean Sea, but have invaded the Great Lakes. Consumer Typo: Predator (Parasite)

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Cephalaspidomorphi Order: Petromyzontiformes Family: Petromyzontidae Genus: //Petromyzon// Species: //marinus//

//Manta birostris//
Manta Rays are the largest of the Eagle Ray family, measuring 6.7 metres across, though they are often observed in coral reefs they inhabit most tropical waters. They are filter feeders feeding on plankton and fish larvae. Manta Rays have the largest brain to body ration of all sharks and rays and are very curious about humans, often swimming with scuba divers. Due to they're huge size, Manta Rays are only preyed upon by large sharks with a few reports of being attacked by Orcas. Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrates) Class: Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) Subclass: Elasmobranchii (skates, rays, sharks) Order: Rajiformes (true rays, skates, flat body sharks) Family: Myliobatidae (Eagle Rays) Genus: //Manta// (Manta Rays) Species: //birostris// (Manta Rays)

//Meganyctiphanes norvegica//
Northern Krill is a main part of many North Atlantic whales, numerous fishes, and birds. They are herbivores, feeding on phytoplankton. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Order: Euphausiacea Family: Euphausiidae Genus: //Meganyctiphanes// Species: //norvegica//

//Epigonus lenimen//
Big-eyed CardinalFish are deep water dwelling (500-800 metres) fish that are 10 to 18 cm long and eat both zooplankton and phytoplankton. They are found in southern, temperate waters. Consumer Type: Secondary Consumer (Omnivore) Kingdom: Animalia (Animals) Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrates) Class: Actinopterygii (Ray fin fishes, fins are skin supported by bony spines) Order: Perciformes (Perch-like, includes 40% of all bony fishes) Family: Epigonidae (Deep water Cardinalfish) Genus: //Epigonus// (Deep water Cardinalfish) Species: //lenimen// (Big-eyed Cardinalfish)

//Cyanea capillata//
The Lion's Mane Jellyfish is considered the longest creature alive, the longest specimen being 36.5 meters. They eat things that unsuspectingly swim through their stingers. It is eaten by sea turtles. Consumer Type: Tertiary Consumer (secondary Carnivore)

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Scyphozoa Order: Semaeostomeae Family: Cyaneidae Genus: //Cyanea// Species: //capillata //

//Chironex fleckeri//
//Chironex fleckeri// is the sole member of Genus //Chironex// and has no common name other than box jellyfish, which refers to its class, Cubozoa. Box Jellies unlike true jellyfish hunt their food, not wait for it to drift into its stingers. It is considered the most venomous jellyfish, it venom capable of killing 60 adult humans in as little as 3 minutes. The bell (top part) is about the size of a basketball and its tentacles are 3 meters long. It lives in the Indo-West Pacific and along the coasts of Australia. People stung by this jellyfish will usually die in less than 5 minutes, in more extreme scenarios, 4. There is an anti-venom for stings, but the victim often dies before it can be given. Their usual prey are fish and shrimp, turtles which are immune to their sting eat them. Consumer Type: Tertiary Consumer (Secondary Carnivore)

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Cubozoa Order: Cubomedusae Family: Chirodropidae Genus: //Chironex// Species: //fleckeri//

//Caretta caretta//
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle is the sole member of genus //Caretta//. They live in the North Pacific, like other sea turtles, they go to the same beach each year to lay their eggs. The species feeds on mollusks, crustaceans, fish, jellyfish (they are resistant to stings), crabs, shrimp,and Portuguese Man o' War, and other small to medium-sized marine animals. Consumer Type: Tertiary Consumer (Secondary Carnivore)

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Subclass: Anapsida Order: Testudines Family: Cheloniidae Genus: //Caretta// Species: //caretta//

//Dermochelys coriacea//
The Leatherback Sea Turtle is the largest of all sea turtles measuring up to 3 meters long and weighing up to 900 kilograms. This eat turtle is unique since it doesn't have a bony shell. The Leatherback dine near exclusively on jellyfish. It lives in tropical/subtropical oceans but must go on land to lay eggs. Consumer Typo: Tertiary Consumer (Secondary Carnivore)

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Family: Dermochelyidae Genus: //Dermochelys// Species: //coriacea//

//Physalia physalis//
The Portuguese Man 'o' War is NOT a jellyfish. It is a colony Siphonophorae. The Man 'o' War consist of 4 highly specialized organsims that are dependent on each other. A Man 'o' War has a sail that floats on the water, about 30 cm long. Dangling under this are the tentacles, up to 10 meters long. When something gets caught, muscles retract the tentacle and gives food to the digestive organsim. The fourth organsim in a Portuguese Man 'o' War is responsible for reproduction. Consumer Type: Tertiary COnsumer (Secondary Carnivore)

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Hydrozoa Order: Siphonophora Family: Physaliidae Genus: //Physalia// Species: //physalis//

//Pseudobiceros hancockanus//
//Pseudobiceros hancockanus// does not have a common name (Awww). It lives in the Indo-Pacific. It grows to 15 cm long. Consumer Type: Secondary Consumer (Primary Carnivore)

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Turbellaria Order: Polycladida Family: Pseudoceritidae Genus: //Pseudobiceros// Species: //hancockanus//

//Convoluta roscoffensis//
//Convoluta roscoffensis// has no common name. It is a tiny flatworm, only 15 mm at most. It is green and was once thought to be capable of photosynthesis since it 1) is green 2) doesn't eat, in fact, it CAN'T eat. We now know that it cannot make its own food, some species of alga of genus //Tetraselmis// live inside its tiny body and makes food for the worm, in return the worm tries to give tha alga maximum sunlight and its waste product, nitorgen. The oxygen it requires also comes from the alga. Consumer Type: This animal does not eat, alga inside make its food

Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Phylum: Acoelomorpha Class: Acoela Order: Acoela Family: Convolutidae Genus: //Convoluta// Species: //roscoffensis//

//Euphausia superba//
There are about 500000000 tonnes of Antarctic Krill in this world. They eat phytoplankton, grow to a length of 6 cm, weigh up to 2 g, and can live for up to six years. They live in the Oceans near Antarctica. They provide an food for whales, seals, Leopard Seals, squid, many fish, penguins, many birds and many other species. Consumer Type: Primary Consumer

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Order: Euphausiacea Family: Euphausiidae Genus: //Euphausia// Species: //superba//

//Anisakis simplex//
//Anisakis simplex// has no common name. It is the cause for Anisakiasis. The larvae of //Anisakis simplex// are eaten by crustaceans, then when the crustacean is eaten by a fish, //Anisakis simplex// makes a way to the muscle or beneath the skin of the fish. When it is eaten by a Marine mammal such as a whale or dolphin, it infects it. When //Anisakis simplex// is ready to reproduce, it lays eggs that are excreted out with feces. Humans that eat an infected fish will have violent abdominal pain, and vomiting. Often the larvae are coughed out though. It is found in the North Atlantic. Consumer Type: Predator (Parasite)

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Order: Ascaridida Family: Anisakidae Genus: //Anisakis// Species: //simplex//

//Anisakis typica//
Anisakis typica is like Anisakis simplex (above), but is found in the Meditterreanena. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Order: Ascaridida Family: Anisakidae Genus: //Anisakis// Species: //typica//

//Eptatretus stoutii//
The Pacific Hagfish, though it may resemble a jawless fish, is not even a fish. It is a Craniate, or a vertabrate minus the vertebrae. THe only bones are in the head. Hagfish are decomposers eating whatever floats down from above. Consumer Type: Decomposer

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Myxini Order: Myxiniformes Family: Myxinidae Genus: //Eptatretus// Species: //stoutii//

//Geotria australis//
The Pouched Lamprey exists throughout the souther hemishpere. Like the Sea Lamprey, it sucks blood from its victims and is parasitic. Consumer Type: Predator (Parasite)

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Cephalaspidomorphi Order: Petromyzontiformes Family: Petromyzontidae Subfamily: Geotriinae Genus: //Geotria// Species: //australis//

//Clupea harengus//
//Clupea harengus// or the Atlantic Herring is one of the most populous fish species on Earth. Each herring is only 45 cm long, they swim in schools as large 4 billion herring, schools of that size can weigh 2 billion kg, and cover areas of up to 4km^2. Herring eat plankton. They eaten by many creatures and are one of the major links in the ocean food web between krill/algae and larger animals. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Clupeiformes Family: Clupeid Genus: //Clupea// Species: //harengus//

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